The Radio Lifestyle!

Today is the big day! Our RSL is about to be launched, and I'm busy producing news bulletins. For the next 4 weeks I will be living in the radio studio, from 7.30am-6.05pm. I have a rota system with the MA students, so that there are 3 or 4 of us in for the morning shift (7.30-1) and then a different team in the afternoon (1.30-6). Due to other commitments, my weekend team consists of only 2 people per shift. The idea is for the morning team to update the current bulletin, but also to begin producing the afternoon bulletin, so that when the teams change, there is a bulletin ready for them to read through. Their task is then to begin producing the bulletin for the following day, which will be updated the following morning with any current stories or information before it is broadcast.
I think the next 4 weeks are going to be a challenge, especially with other academic and medical commitments I am obliged to do, such as law blogs, law revision, the law exam next week, as well as physiotherapy and hydrotherapy appointments.
The biggest challenge is on a Thursday and a Friday, as the MA students have lectures all day. This means I am on my own to produce and present the bulletins on both of these days, although we are currently looking for people to help out on these days.
I am really excited about the RSL and looking forward to finding out how many listeners we have. I have learnt a lot about radio production this semester, and have enjoyed it much more than I thought I would, to the point where I am even considering a career in radio.
Sound Radio is broadcasting on 87.7fm until 21st December, in Winchester and the surrounding areas.

Sound Radio's 24 hour broadcast for Children in Need

For Children in Need, Thomas Sampson, Aarran Summers, Maxine Knight and I put on a 24 hour radio show. The show ran from 3pm Wednesday until 3pm Thursday and raised a whopping £1059.84 for the charity!

Although it was tiring, it was an amazing experience. I was able to deal with any technical issues that occurred, and adjust sound levels etc.

The beginning of the broadcast was full of technical problems, as the Myriad system kept shutting down. I reloaded the system whilst the presenters apologised for the difficulties, and talked about what was coming up in the show.

Most of the broadcast went smoothly, there were a few minor issues, which between us we managed to fix.

We all took it in turns to present so that the official presenters could have breaks, and the 4 of us got on really well. There was a really good vibe during the show, and although we were all quite tired, I think everyone really enjoyed it.

To donate to Children in Need, please go to www.justgiving.com/soundradio

Media Law: Defamation and Privilege

Our third lecture in media law covered defamation.

A statement is defamatory if it tends to do any of the following:

• expose a person to hatred, ridicule or contempt;
• cause them to be shunned or avoided;
• damage their reputation in their business, trade or profession
• make right-thinking members of society think low of them

A defamatory statement that is written down is a form of libel. If the statement is spoken, it is seen as slander.

The way a statement is tested for defamation is to see what a reasonable thinking person would take the statement to mean. This is also the same for inference-a statement with a secondary meaning that can be understood by someone without any special knowledge.

In a trial for a defamation case, a jury is involved. The judge will decide if the statement is capable of having a defamatory meaning, and the jury will then decide if the statement was defamatory considering the circumstances.

The claimant suing over a statement must be able to prove that:

1) It is defamatory

2) It may be reasonably understood to be about him/her

3) It has been published to a third party.

The test of identification is whether the statement would lead people who knew the claimant to believe that they are the person being referred to.

Everytime a defamatory statement is repeated, it is seen as a fresh publication. Therefore, a journalist is liable for repeating a defamatory statement made by an interviewee or source. With internet publications, each time the article is accessed, it is seen as a fresh publication.

A person who has been defamed can sue the reporter, the editor, the publisher, the broadcaster, or anyone else who participated in publishing the defamatory material.

There are several defences for journalists to avoid being sued for libel.

The main ones are:

• Justification
• Fair comment
• Absolute privilege
• Qualified privilege

The justification defence is a complete defence to prove that the statement is substantially true. This defence only applied to facts, and the defendant must prove not only the meaning of the words, but any innuendo or inference.

This is important in journalism, as investigative journalists must always make sure that they can prove their facts in court.

A defendant can plead that a statement expressing comment was an honest opinion on a matter of public interest. This is the fair comment defence. The comment must be based on true facts that are either stated in the story or are widely known.

Privilege was covered in the 4th lecture of term. There are occasions when public interest demands freedom of speech without risk of proceedings for defamation, even if the statements made are defamatory and even if they turn out to be untrue. These are referred to as privileged, which exists under common law and statute.

Absolute privilege is a complete defence for defamation. It does not matter whether the words are true or false, or whether they were used maliciously. However, a journalist may be reporting on an occasion protected by absolute privilege, but this does not mean that the report is similarly protected. For example, Members of Parliament can say whatever they want in the House of Commons, but reports on the parliamentary debates are only covered by qualified privilege.

The only time journalists are covered by absolute privilege is when reporting court cases. This is vital because what is said in court is often highly defamatory, however privilege does not apply if the hearing is held in private.

For absolute privilege to apply, a report of a court case must be fair and accurate by:

• presenting a summary of both sides
• contains no substancial inaccuracies
• gives proportionate weight to both sides.

If any of these are missing, then the protection of privilege is lost.

Allegations made in court report must be worded correctly so that the allegation is not stated as a fact. Also, in order to maintain absolute privilege, court reports should be published as soon as it is practicable to do so.

Qualified Privilege is available as a defence where it is important that the facts should be freely known in the public interest. The protection provided by qualified privilege is similar to that of absolute privilege, but the requirements that must be met differ. To be protected by qualified privilege, the published report must be fair and accurate, and published without malice. A general requirement for qualified privilege is that the matter published must be of public concern, and so the publication is for the publics benefit (i.e. public interest).

The Reynolds Defence protects the publication of defamatory material, provided that it was a matter of public interest and was the product of responsible journalism. During the Reynolds vs Times Newspapers (2000) 2 AC 127 case in the House of Lords, Lord Nicholls outlined 10 circumstances which should be taken into account when deciding if the media qualify for this defence. These are:

• The seriousness of the allegation. The more serious the charge, the more the public is misinformed and the individual harmed if the allegation is not true.
• The nature of the information, and the extent to which the subject is a matter of public concern.
• The source of the information. Some informants have no direct knowledge of the events, or may be being paid for their stories.
• The steps taken to verify the information.
• The status of the information. The allegation may have already been the subject of an investigation which commands respect.
• The urgency of the matter. News is often a perishable commodity.
• Whether comment was sought from the claimant. He may have information that others do not possess or have not disclosed. This will not always be necessary.
• Whether the article covered the claimant's side of the story.
• The tone of the article. A newspaper can raise queries or call for an investigation. It does not need to adopt allegations as statements of fact.
• The circumstances of the publication, including the timing.

Journalists see these points as a list of hurdles they must jump in order to get this defence.

(McNaes 20th Edition)

Sound Radio

Sound Radio will be back on air shortly, and most of my time is now being spent preparing for the RSL. I have a team of 8 MA students, which have been organised into a rota to produce and present news.

On Saturday evening, several members of the Radio Society went to the fireworks display to promote Sound Radio. We all had promotional shirts and handed out over 750 leaflets.

This week I am focusing on training for the MA students, and hourly bulletins to be broadcast online as practise for the RSL.

I am really enjoying my work on radio at the moment, and am looking forward to the RSL. I think it will be challenging, but will be a fantastic achievement if it is successful.

My work this week

Due to unforeseen circumstances, Sound Radio has been off air this week.

Since I was not producing for radio, I joined MA student Aarran Summers to produce an extended highlights package of Winchester City FC, including live commentary. We have been editing and perfecting the piece for the last few days, and it is finally finished.

Due to the length of it, we have had to upload it in two parts.

Please watch and leave feedback.

Part 1: http://youtu.be/fa5WAgoLDgc

Part 2: http://youtu.be/ExJEX0GZFo0

Media Law: Crime reporting

In general, journalists in the UK have no more right to information than any other citizens.

In our first law lecture we covered the different types of courts, and the law system. In my blog post I linked to the hierarchy I posted in Year One, which explains all of this in detail.

Our second lecture covered crime reporting.
A crime prosecution is started when:

• Police make an arrest.


• A person is charged with a crime


• A magistrates issues a warrant or summons

A person accused of a crime will appear first at a magistrates court, but more serious cases will be dealt with by a Crown Court.

There are many dangers in crime reporting, including libel, defamation and contempt of court. For example, if a media organisation reports an offence or charge innacurately, it may be sued for libel by the defendant.

There are 7 points that must be included in crime reporting:

• Names, ages, addressess and occupations of defendant.


• Charges faced.


• Name of court and magistrates names.


• Names of solicitors and barristers present


• Date and place of where the case is adjourned


• Arrangements of bail


• Whether legal aid is granted.

There are 3 types of crime:

• Indictable only: Dealt with at Crown Court. Possible sentence of 5 years +


• Either way: Can go to Crown Court or Magistrates Court.


• Summary: Stays at Magistrates.

Magistrates have the power to sentence criminals to:

• 6 months in jail


• Up to £5000 fine.


• Suspended sentence


• Conditional discharge


• Community orders


• ASBOs

Crown Courts deal with the most serious criminal cases, and all indictable-only offences such as rape, robbery and murder.

The key stages in a trial at Crown Court are:

• Prosecution opening


• Key prosecution witness


• Defence opening


• Key defence witness


• Judges summing up


• Jury sent out, deliberation and verdict


• Sentencing.

A jury can reach a verdict by majority, but the media should only report the verdict, not whether it was made by a majority decision.

It is also illegal to take pictures of, film, or sketch people in court, or take audio recordings of a court case. It is also illegal to try and discover or publish, what was discussed between the jury, and how each juror voted.

There are certain people that cannot be identified in crime reports.
These include:

• A defendant or witness under the age of 18


• A victim or alleged victim of a sexual offence.

Anonymity in sexual offence cases can be waived if the defendant wishes.

The biggest risk for journalists in reporting on crime is contempt of court. This is committed if a reporter publishes anything which could affect an "active case".
A court can order the media to postpone a court report if it believes it will create a substantial risk to the case.

Radio Bulletin Week 4 feedback

This is my personal feedback for this weeks radio bulletin.

I decided to pre-record the bulletin this week, to give me a chance to understand how to use all the equipment on my own, and be able to control the sound levels of the bed and the recording without trying to read the script at the same time.

I edited the WINOL bulletin, and found other local and national stories with audio to fill the bulletin. It was recorded, edited and finished by Wednesday night, but I was well aware that there could be more important news between then and Friday evening that would need to go into the bulletin.

As I could have guessed, one of the biggest stories broke on Thursday. The death of Colonel Gadaffi. I knew this had to lead the bulletin, and so wrote a script, and got some audio cuts from IRN.

I edited the beginning of the bulletin, and decided to read live until the first audio clip from the pre-record (Julie's police investigation). I then played the pre-recorded bulletin until the final audio clip (Marwell Wildlife) and read the sport and sign-off live. This was so that there would not be a noticeable change in audio from live to pre-record, because it was broken up with an audio cut.

I had to make a snap decision to cut out a sports story, while I was reading the top sports piece. This was because the bulletin would have over-run if I had included it, which I was keen not to do, as the radio station follows a schedule, with the pre-flirt show starting at 6.15. I finished the bulletin at 6.11pm, which gave enough time for the next show to be set up.

I feel that the bulletin went really well this week. I had to overcome issues to a deadline, as the audio clips would not import onto the system at 5.45pm so I had to go back and change the settings on them, and then have them imported and ready by 6pm. I am also pleased that I managed to add to and re-edit the bulletin when breaking news occurred, and still meet my deadline.